The growth of nuclear era has been shaped by technological advancements, geopolitical complexities & changing global security landscape.

Since mid-20th century, nuclear weapons have deeply influenced international relations, strategic planning & efforts to maintain peace.

Understanding this evolution is crucial for promoting peace, security & nuclear stability while working towards a world free from nuclear threats.

Balancing peaceful use of nuclear technology with prevention of nuclear proliferation remains a key challenge.

Why do nations acquire nuclear weapons?

Security Dilemma, John Herz: "Security for one is insecurity for all."

Cold War, nations pursued nuclear weapons due to a security dilemma, fearing aggression from others.

Nuclear deterrence was seen as a way to prevent conflict by creating mutual fear of retaliation.

"Balance of terror" between US & USSR led to large nuclear arsenals, ensuring neither could dominate.

Possessing nuclear weapons also brought international prestige, symbolizing great power status.

However, vertical proliferation was limited to major powers like U.S. and USSR.

Post-Cold War era, reasons evolved. Other nations developed nuclear weapons (like India) for security after nuclear umbrella from allies weakened.

Pakistan sought nuclear weapons to counter India, while North Korea used them to strengthen its bargaining position. Larger nuclear powers, such as US, Russia, and China, influence smaller nations' decisions.

Globalization has made nuclear technology more accessible, especially after the USSR’s collapse. Non-state actors’ potential access to nuclear weapons has heightened security concerns.

Despite arms control efforts & non-proliferation initiatives, challenges persist in achieving nuclear stability. Preventing spread of nuclear weapons, especially to non-state actors, remains a critical issue in the contemporary nuclear era.

Why nations do not use Nuclear weapons ?

Nations avoid using nuclear weapons due to strategic considerations, international norms & frameworks.

(Realist theories, Kenneth Waltz) argue that nuclear weapons create a “balance of power”. "Nuclear weapons have made war obsolete."

Deterrence theory and Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) ensure that any nuclear conflict risks catastrophic retaliation from both sides, discouraging aggression.